What are terpenes? A closer look at what they can do for you
Last updated on Oct 22, 2025
Created on Nov 29, 2021
Article written by
Olivia SwannWriter & Digital Marketing Specialist
Content reviewed by
Chris Wood PharmDMedical Reviewer
Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in cannabis. They contribute to the distinct scents and flavors of cannabis flower, from citrusy and fruity to earthy and skunky.
Beyond their sensory appeal, terpenes, along with cannabinoids like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), might influence how you experience the effects of cannabis.
In fact, terpenes could be a key factor in what makes one cannabis strain feel different from another, though research is still in early stages.
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What are terpenes?
Terpenes are naturally occurring compounds found in many plants, including cannabis. They give lavender its calming floral fragrance, pine trees their refreshing scent, and citrus fruits their zesty aroma.
Cannabis is rich in terpenes, which serve a dual purpose of attracting pollinators and acting as a natural defense against pests.
Research suggests that some terpenes are able to bind to receptors in your body’s endocannabinoid system, though less effectively than THC and CBD.
Some researchers have even suggested that terpenes interact with cannabinoids through a phenomenon known as the “entourage effect.” This is the theory that cannabis compounds produce more positive effects when used together versus in isolation.
However, research on this effect and on terpenes in cannabis is still in early stages. Most studies have been conducted in animals or cells, rather than in humans.
Claims that a certain terpene creates a certain effect — like limonene being “uplifting” or myrcene being “sedative” — are not backed by a comprehensive body of research, so it’s important to consider these as anecdotes rather than facts.
Terpenes vs. cannabinoids
It’s easy to confuse terpenes with cannabinoids. Both are types of cannabis compounds, but they aren’t the same:
- Cannabinoids, like THC and CBD, directly interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, producing psychoactive or therapeutic effects.
- Terpenes don’t cause intoxication but may influence how cannabinoids are absorbed, affecting the overall experience with cannabis.
Additionally, a larger body of clinical research exists for cannabinoids compared to terpenes. The effects of cannabinoids in humans are much better documented and understood.
Common terpenes in cannabis
Cannabis contains more than 150 terpenes. That said, only a handful are typically found in significant concentrations.
These dominant terpenes shape cannabis’s aroma, flavor, and potential effects.
Keep in mind that research on these terpenes in cannabis products is limited, especially high-quality human studies.
Myrcene
Myrcene has an earthy, musky, herbal aroma.
In animal and cell studies, isolated myrcene has been studied for its potential antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Limonene
Limonene is responsible for the citrusy or lemony aroma and taste found in certain cannabis strains.
Isolated forms of limonene have been studied for potential energy-boosting and anxiety-reducing effects in animals.
Pinene
Pinene is the chemical that makes certain cannabis strains smell like pine trees.
Pinene, when isolated, has been studied for its potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects, primarily in animal studies.
Beta-caryophyllene
Beta-caryophyllene, sometimes called caryophyllene, is a spicy-scented terpene that’s found in black pepper. It gives plants, including cannabis, a peppery scent and flavor.
Isolated beta-caryophyllene has been studied for its potential pain-blocking and anti-inflammatory effects in animals.
Linalool
Linalool is the primary terpene in lavender, providing a fresh, floral scent.
In isolation, linalool has been found to have potential calming and antidepressant properties in animal studies.
Humulene
Humulene is a terpene similar to beta-caryophyllene with a woodsy, earthy aroma.
Researchers have investigated isolated forms of humulene for their potential pain-relieving, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.
Terpene side effects and risks
Terpenes are generally recognized as safe by the FDA when used as flavoring agents, but this applies to food use, not concentrated inhalation or vaping.
Terpenes that come in concentrated or purified forms may cause side effects if overused, such as:
- Skin irritation or rash
- Stomach upset or nausea
- Irritation or inflammation of airways, if heated and inhaled
- Headaches caused by their strong aromas
- Allergic reactions, in rare cases
For most people, the naturally occurring levels of terpenes found in cannabis flower or concentrates are safe.
Tips for using cannabis terpenes
To best understand the terpenes in your cannabis products, consider these tips:
- Look for terpenes in your product or strain: Check your cannabis strain or product’s certificate of analysis (COA) to find its terpene profile. Keep track of your personal experiences with different amounts and types of terpenes. Everyone is unique, so one terpene-rich strain might affect you differently than another person.
- Experiment cautiously: Terpene-rich products, such as live resin or terpene-infused vapes, often contain high amounts of cannabinoids and may create strong psychoactive effects. Start with small doses and avoid combining multiple terpene-rich products until you understand your tolerance.
- Store cannabis products properly: Storing your products in a dark, cool place helps to slow the breakdown of cannabinoids and delicate terpene compounds.
The bottom line: Terpenes are compounds that influence the smell and flavor of cannabis
Terpenes are one of the lesser-known compounds in cannabis. They shape how each strain and product smells and tastes.
While cannabinoids like THC and CBD get more attention for medical use, it’s possible that the interaction between cannabinoids and terpenes leads to uniquely positive effects in the body, though more research in humans is needed to confirm this.
Until there is more definitive research, terpenes should be viewed as contributors to cannabis’s sensory profile and potential therapeutic enhancers — not as proven therapeutic agents.
If you’re interested in learning more about terpenes and cannabinoids for your unique health needs, consider booking an appointment with a Leafwell provider for a personalized cannabis care plan.
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Frequently asked questions
Find answers to common questions about terpenes.
